The good ones contain 50-90% catechins (and often make the product brown and give it a distinctive smell), Green tea is proven to be a great antioxidant, UV protectant, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic and antimicrobial, Because of these awesome properties green tea is a great choice for anti-aging and also for skin diseases including rosacea, acne and atopic dermatitis. Styling. Its main thing is being an opacifier and pearling agent in cleansing products making them white and glossy. Best Sulfate-free: OGX Hydrating + Tea Tree Mint Shampoo. Best Anti-Thinning: PURA d'OR Original Gold Label Anti-Hair Thinning Shampoo. All content on this website is for informational and educational purposes only. OGX | Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) We only support brands we truly believe in and confidently recommend. A modifieddimethicone-type silicone molecule that also contains amino-groups. I didnt see them anywhere in the article! Best Unbleached, Chemical-Free Toilet Paper For Your Bum, 10 Best Plastic-Free & Organic Hair Ties & Scrunchies, Non-Toxic Alternatives To Dryer Sheets For Static & Smell, The 15 Best Non-Toxic, Sulfate-Free Body Wash Brands, https://www.amazon.com/s?k=moroccan+oil+shampoo+and+conditioner&crid=2N10NZI1CI5UJ&sprefix=morroccan%2Caps%2C157&ref=nb_sb_ss_ts-doa-p_5_9, https://attitudeliving.com/collections/shampoos, https://acure.com/products/vivacious-volume-shampoo?variant=42813707092181, https://www.thefiltery.com/synthetic-fragrance-hidden-toxic-chemicals/, https://attitudeliving.com/products/shampoo-volume-and-shine-super-leaves, https://wellnesse.com/products/curly-shampoo, https://www.alaffia.com/products/curl-enhancing-shampoo-12fl-oz, https://www.sheamoisture.com/coconut-and-hibiscus-curl-and-shine-shampoo10.3-oz/764302290452.html, https://www.ethicalbrandco.com.au/product/organic-blonde-shampoo/, https://www.kavella.com/products/purple-shampoo, https://thebtwco.com/products/purple-shampoo, 9 Elements Review (Do Their Cleaning Products Work? If you have thinning hair, choose shampoos and conditioners labeled "healthy choice." It's unlikely you'll find products that eliminate every undesirable ingredient, so target the additives that concern you the most. What hair products don't contain DMDM hydantoin? Product & Ingredient Safety FAQ | TRESemm US Kirkland Signature Moisture Shampoo Review - My Dad the Chemist All consumers of this content should consult their doctors or qualified health professionals regarding specific questions and needs. This article is such an eye-opener! Trust in TRESemm | TRESemm US DMDM Hydantoin: Is It Safe? - Healthline You might want to check out ATTITUDEs shampoos and see if they work well for you! We only make recommendations that are genuine and meet our ingredient/material safety standards. In addition to the above, other names to look for on your ingredient list include: Currently, FRPs are banned from use in cosmetics and personal care products in Japan and Sweden. bronopol - BP. It can also give body to creams and emulsions. Thanks! Image Credits: Cup of Couple, Sora Shimazaki, Liubov Ilchuk, product photos belong to respective brands, What about Morroccan Oil shampoo and conditioner? Here's What Dermatologists Think About "Bad" Hair Ingredients - Byrdie That said, dermatologist Joshua Zeichner, director of cosmetic and clinical research in dermatology and an associate professor of dermatology at Mount Sinai Hospital, tells Health that, while direct contact to formaldehyde-releasers can lead to allergic contact dermatitis, it's rare. It is usually used as a helper ingredient to adjust the pH of the formula. You're going to have to look at the ingredient lists of EVERY bottle, not just base it off brand name. Its safe and gentle, but even more importantly, its not a feared-by-everyone-mostly-without-scientific-reason paraben. |Powered by Essential IT, 100+ Best DMDM Hydantoin Free Shampoos and Conditioners of 2021. what shampoos have DMDM hydantoin? It is published by the Personal Care Product Council. A corn sugar derived, water-soluble, pale yellow syrup, that nicelymoisturizes the skin. Environmental Working Group. It can cause scalp irritation and hair loss as well as being a known carcinogen. Plaintiff Larissa Whipple says in the lawsuit that the main concern is the ingredient DMDM hydantoin, a preservative . Canada also has concentration restrictions on FRPs. It works synergistically with preservatives and helps to improvewater-resistance of sunscreens. The Dove Soothing Moisture Anti-Dandruff is one of the Dove products with DMDM hydantoin in it. Thanks to TikTok, DMDM hydantoin, a preservative ingredient used in cosmetics products, is going viral based on claims that it causes hair loss. Unfortunately, it seems to be limited, or to quote a great article from theJournal of Cosmetic Dermatology "topically applied ascorbyl phosphate salts are, at very best, poorly absorbed in comparison with AA". Shea Moisture Raw Shea Butter Deep Moisturizing conditioner**. Good old water, aka H2O. TRESemm products alleged to cause hair loss - Slater Vecchio Copyright 2023. Other than having a good safety profile and being quite gentle to the skin it has some other advantages too. Superoxide Dismutase - or in short SOD - is the body's smart antioxidant enzyme that protects the cells from highly reactive, cell-damagingsuperoxide radicals (O2). No, DMDM hydantoin is not listed on the ingredient lists on Raw Sugars shampoos. Pureology/ hair loss/ scalp irritation : r/HaircareScience - reddit This isn't the first time the impact of formaldehyde-releasing ingredients in personal care products has been called into question. The brand is also a member of 1% for the Planet. While there are no studies that link exposure to DMDM hydantoin to hair loss, the preservative is linked to a higher risk for allergic reactions and . Shoppers credit it with restoring hair where they'd entirely lost hope from severe shedding, and some say that one bottle lasted them four years because it's so concentrated that just a few drops is enough to work up a cleansing lather. In Illinois, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Canada, Unilever has been sued after many consumers claimed that its TRESemm keratin smooth color shampoo and conditioner cause scalp irritation and hair loss. Not only that, but one 2015 study found that even MORE formaldehyde can be released when cosmetics and personal care products containing FRPs are stored for longer periods of time. DMDM Hydantoin is an antimicrobial ingredient and preservative that is often found in shampoos, hair conditioners and skin care products. So while its not necessary to get rid of all the formaldehyde in our environment, we would do well to decrease the amount were exposed to. They have a Smoothing Shampoo and Enriching Conditioner which are great for frizzy hair. Experts like the independent US Cosmetics Ingredient Review Panel and Europe's Scientific Community on Consumer Safety have repeatedly found DMDM hydantoin to be a safe and effective cosmetics preservative. It is not intended to provide medical advice or replace the advice or treatment from a personal physician. Another popular choice is the Mad Hippie Vitamin C serum, and all of these contain vitamin C in the form of SAP. It works against bacteria and some species of fungi and yeast. We also looked specifically for fragrance-free brands that were marked with a (*) and natural, curly, or coiled friendly brands marked with (**) to help you find them. These come in a refreshing Citrus and Mint scent and are available in refill packs for less waste. Normal (well kind of - it's purified and deionized) water. In this article, were going to talk about why DMDM hydantoin in hair products is bad news and whats the deal with that TRSemme class action lawsuit you may have seen all over social media. DMDM hydantoin: Uses, benefits, risks, and more - Medical News Today Your email address will not be published. A very mild and gentle thickening and foam-boasting co-surfactant. Panthenol might make your hair softer, more elastic and helps to comb your hair more easily. On top of being an incredibly appealing price, Garnier's aloe-based shampoo is like a deep cleaning session for your hair. Its not something new to put it on our face: even Cleopatra used it to preserve her skin. This sulfate-free formula features a meticulously-tailored pH balance that keeps your hair color glossy and intact, and the ingredient list is verified by the Environmental Working Group, so you know there's nothing shady included. When cleaning up your hair and skincare routine, switching to shampoo without DMDM hydantoin and other FRPs is a great step. It works againstbacteria and some species of fungi and yeast. Shampoos That Cause Hair Loss: Risks, Causes, Regrowth Tips I recommend this product. Overall, the ingredient lists on Biolages shampoos arent looking great. 10 Best DMDM Hydantoin Free Shampoos & What is it Olaplex No. Of course, definitely check with your pediatrician if your child has any specific skin concerns or anything like that! An Ecocert-approved, natural preservative that counts as gentle and non-irritating to the skin. imidazolidinyl urea - IU*. Shampoo Brands to Avoid Today | I Read Labels For You Handcrafted with care in Nashville, Tennessee, Foxies shampoo comes in a variety of formulations for different hair types: Growth + Repair, Milk It (for curly hair), Fresh Squeezed (for damaged or frizzy hair), Hotsy Totsy (for blonde, grey, and white hair), and Vitameatavegamin Pineapple. Avalon Organics Volumizing Rosemary . The sodium salt form of skincare superstar, vitamin C. If you do not know what the big fuss about vitamin C is, you are missing outand you have to click here and read all the geeky details about it. Really disheartening to have lost about half of my head of hair. Aussie Miracle Curls Shampoo. That . Moisturize & Grow Aloe Vera & Cucumber Clarifying Micellar Urban Hydration Growth & Repair Honey Color Saving Shampoo, Suave Professionals Moroccan Infusion Shine Shampoo. We do a Best of INCIDecoder email once a month with the most interesting products and ingredients we bump into. Can DMDM Hydantoin Cause Hair Loss and Scalp Irritation? - InStyle 15 Harmful Ingredients In Shampoos And Conditioners That - SkinKraft Medication side effects, menopause, and stress can also cause certain types of hair loss. If you have color-treated or damaged hair, try Juice Organics. Its dermatologist and pediatrician tested, and pH-balanced. Its a real oldie: expressed directly from the seeds, the oil is used not for hundreds but thousands of years. These are all ingredients you may want to look out for on your shampoo bottles. freakin' unbelievable burgers nutrition facts. Citric acid comes from citrus fruits and is an AHA. Asapcumsock 2 yr. ago. Price on Amazon. Alikay Naturals Caribbean Coconut Milk Shampoo**. But according to a comparative study done in 1995, citric acid has less skin improving magic properties than glycolic or lactic acid. Mamavations Investigation of Shampoo & Conditioner Brands, Not Our Favorite: Shampoo & Conditioner Brands, Shampoos & Conditioners that are Best for Your Health, release low levels of formaldehyde over time, linked to cancers and irritation of the skin, based on the industrys ability to regulate itself, increase the amount of formaldehyde released, as low as 30 parts per million of a solution, 20% of cosmetics and personal care products sold in the United States contain a formaldehyde-releaser, Wellnesse Cleansing Shampoo & Nourishing Conditioner, Wellnesse Soothing Shampoo & Enriching Conditioner for Curly & Wavy Hair**, Wellnesse Revitalizing Dry Shampoo for Darker Hair, check out our investigation on hair relaxers here, investigation on all the safest hair products (like hairspray and such) you can purchase here, WOW Skin Science Apple Cider Vinegar Shampoo, Curly Qs Coconut Dream Moisturizing Conditioner**, Shea Moisture Coconut & Hibiscus Curl and Shine Shampoo**, Shea Moisture Coconut & Hibiscus co-wash**, Shea Moisture Coconut & Hibiscus Curl and shine conditioner**, So Cozy 3 in 1 Kids Shampoo/Conditioner & Body Wash, 100 Percent Pure Yuzu & Pomelo glossing shampoo, 100 Percent Honey & Virgin Coconut Shampoo, 100 percent Pure Kelp & Mint Volumizing Shampoo, 100 Percent Burdock & Neem Healthy Scalp Shampoo, Acure Mega Moisture 100% Pure Argan Oil & Pumpkin Shampoo, Alafia Babies & Kids Shea Shampoo & Body Wash, Andalou Naturals Argan Oil and Shea Moisture Rich Shampoo and Conditioner, Aromatic Rosemary Scalp Cleansing Shampoo, Attitude Super Leaves, Hypoallergenic Moisture Rich Shampoo, ATTITUDE Shampoo for Sensitive Skin, Extra Gentle & Volumizing Unscented Shampoo*, Attitude Little Leaves, Hypoallergenic 2-in-1 Shampoo & Body Wash, Vanilla & Pear, Avalon Organics Lavender Nourishing Shampoo, Beautycounter Daily Shampoo in Bright Grapefruit, Burts Bees Baby Shampoo & Wash, Fragrance-Free*, California Baby Chamomile & Mint Body Wash & Shampoo, Camille Rose Naturals Moroccan Pear Conditioner**, Carina Organics Citrus Daily Moisturizing Shampoo, Carina Organics Unscented Dandruff Flake Removal Shampoo*, Honest Company Truly Calming Lavender Shampoo, Honest Company Purely Simple Fragrance-Free Shampoo + Body Wash*, Honest Company Pure Sensitive Fragrance-Free Conditioner*, Inna Organic Lemon Tea Tree for Oily Hair Shampoo, Innersense Organic Beauty Color Radiance Conditioner, Kinky Curly Knot Today Natural Leave-in Conditioner**, Lulu Organics UNSCENTED Powder/Dry Shampoo*, New Wash Deep Kit with Cleanser & Conditioner, Pura DOr Scalp Therapy Shampoo & Conditioner, Shea Moisture Raw Manuka Honey and Mafura Oil Shampoo**, Shea Moisture Raw Shea Butter conditioner**, Whamisa Organic Seeds Subacid Hair Shampoo, Green Enough: Eat Better, Live Cleaner, Be Happier (All Without Driving Your Family Crazy! It contains water cress, Indian cress, and quinoa. While this ingredient does its job well, we will no longer produce any haircare products with DMDM as of September 2021. It has alight and smooth skin feel. Onesolutionis to create stable derivativesthat can be absorbed into the skin, convert there to AA and do all the magic AA is proven to do (which is being an antioxidant, a collagen booster, and a skin brightener). This baby shampoo contains soothing organic lavender and chamomile and (of course) is completely free from all potential toxins. Exactly what it sounds: nice smelling stuff put into cosmetic products so that the end product also smells nice. $39.99. DMDM is naturally occurring in many different foods, including the following: Apples. However, Sodium Laureth Sulfate is also a pretty bad irritant . Its the most commonly used version of pure vitamin E in cosmetics. They don't all have DMDM- it depends on kind of those brands you get- for example, the coconut milk through OGX does NOT have dmdm, but the keratin oil does. Probably thats why citric acid is usually not used as an exfoliant but more as a helper ingredient in small amounts to adjust the pH of a formulation. What Is DMDM Hydantoin? - WebMD A multi-functional, silky feeling helper ingredient that can do quite many things. Then well list the best shampoo and conditioner brands without DMDM hydantoin. OGX DMDM Hydantoin Facebook Post - Truth or Fiction? While the ingredient does that job well, we haven't launched any new haircare products with DMDM Hydantoin in the last several years. Shes consistently been featured in the media for the past 15 years in media outlets like ABC, CBS, CNN, Yahoo, Chicago Tribune, USA Today, Readers Digest, Ladies Home Journal, Shape Magazine, Fitness Magazine to name a few. This post may contain affiliate links, which means we may earn a small commission if you choose to make a purchase. Preservative with relatively high irritation risk. Shampoo Products Containing Dmdm Hydantoin (Formaldehyde Releaser) FILTERS. Alopecia areata, another type of autoimmune disease, occurs when the immune system attacks the hair follicles, leading to patches of hair loss on the scalp and other parts of the body. If these magic three letters dont tell you anything, click here and read our detailed description on glycolic acid, the most famous AHA. Shu Umera - Oil Shampoo**. Pura D'Or Original Gold Label Anti-Thinning Biotin Shampoo, $30. The most abundant ones in grape are called proanthocyanidins, and 60-70% of them are found in the seeds (it's also often abbreviated as GSP - grape seed proanthocyanidins). The extra nice thing about SOD is that it remains intact during the neutralization process and can continue its magic, while non-enzymatic antioxidants (like vitamin E) are used up during neutralization. That sounds like a good thing, right? As you may guess, if something is only recommended in products that you rinse off (cleansers and shampoos), then its probably not the best ingredientfor the skin. https://www.honest.com/. Theyre also all vegan and cruelty-free.). 9. Consumers reported experiencing hair loss after using products, like shampoo and conditioner, that contained DMDM Hydantoin. Its main job in skincare products is to moisturise the skin. This list also includes shampoos without DMDM hydantoin. Maple Holistics' super gentle formula is a lifesaver for people with dandruff and scalp skin conditions, from seborrheic dermatitis to preteen hairline acne. Kirkland Signature Moisture Shampoo is an ultra-luxurious, professional salon formula designed to gently cleanse hair while replenishing and maintaining moisture. If that wasnt enough panthenol is also useful in nail and hair care products. DMDM hydantoin has been used a preservative in Unilever products for more than a decade; however, the use of DMDM hydantoin as a preservative is an entirely unnecessary risk because various safer . Kirkland Signature Moisture Shampoo ingredients (Explained) - INCIDecoder * Bei Fragen einfach anrufen oder schreiben: +49 (0)176 248 87 424. this is the zodiac speaking game ending; nissan cvt transmission warranty australia This site contains affiliate links, which means we may earn a commission if you choose to make a purchase. Best silicone-free shampoo for frizz-control: Garnier Fructis Smoothing Treat Shampoo, Avocado Extract. Styling Mousse/Foam. The issue with DMDM hydantoin isnt necessarily that its bad for the hair itself, but that its bad for your eyes, nose, throat, and skin. As for skin-brightening, there is a trade publication with in-vivo data showing that SAP can fade brown spots. A cellulose derived polymer (abig molecule that consists of many parts) that can help to thicken up products, form a nice film on the skin or hair and is considered to be an excellent hair conditioner. Additional information on JJCI's use of DMDM Hydantoin is available here . The price goes down easy: $10.99, or about 23 cents per ounce. does kirkland shampoo have dmdm - dice-dental.asia This is particularly important because it ensures all the ingredients blend together so your shampoo can clean effectively. :) You are almost done: please check your mailbox to confirm your email! EWG VERIFIED BRAND. Hair Relaxer. Ethique Eco-Friendly Solid Shampoo Bar, $16. The bad news with it though is that it can sensitize the skin easily (its a so-called non-fragrance allergen). Mamavations SPOTLIGHT: Wellnesse is the Small Shampoo Brand to Try! Do the math: it's more than 5000 years definitely an oldie. need a product that doesnt dry my gray hair out & a curl activator, Here are a few safe shampoos you may want to check out that are specifically for curly hair: https://wellnesse.com/products/curly-shampoo https://www.alaffia.com/products/curl-enhancing-shampoo-12fl-oz https://www.sheamoisture.com/coconut-and-hibiscus-curl-and-shine-shampoo10.3-oz/764302290452.html, Its harder to find a non-toxic shampoo thats specific to grey hair, but you might check out these ones: https://www.ethicalbrandco.com.au/product/organic-blonde-shampoo/ https://www.kavella.com/products/purple-shampoo https://thebtwco.com/products/purple-shampoo, Your email address will not be published. It is alleged that Individuals that have used TRESemm Shampoo and Conditioner with the ingredient DMDM Hydantoin . All Rights Reserved. Sunflower Oil - it's a great emollient that protects & enhances the skin barrier. If you've switched (or tried to switch) to natural, non-toxic deodorant, there are two common ingredients you may have noticed in many brands: sodium bicarbonate (a.k.a baking soda) and magnesium hydroxide (a.k.a. Alba. Best Exfoliating Shampoo: Aveda . Positively charged (or quaternised) molecules aresubstantive to skin and hair as those are negatively charged surfaces and are excellent film formers. Pretty much the current IT-preservative. Find personal care, cleaning, and food products on the EWG Healthy Living app. While this ingredient does its job well, we will no longer produce any haircare products with DMDM as of September 2021. The good news? It comes in a variety of fun and calming scents. In any case, Costco had not discontinued its Kirkland Signature shampoo and conditioner. It's an especiallyimportant and popular ingredient in "syndet bars" (or soapless soaps). Industry regulators have approved this ingredient for use in personal care products to prevent harmful growth of bacteria and mold. TRESemm products meet the highest standards in quality and safety and have been proven safe to use. The extract coming from thejuice containing leaves of the Aloe vera plant with moisturizing, emollient and anti-inflammatory properties. { (Image via Amazon)} Concerns: Softsoap Black Raspberry & Vanilla Hand Soap . Overall, we think SAP is a goody! Hi Susie, Unfortunately, we cannot recommend that brand at this time. Preservatives & Dmdm. does kirkland shampoo have dmdm. A kind of salt that's used as a thickener in cosmetic products. Shampoo ingredients to avoid. The products are marketed to nourish, smooth and revive hair but according to Plaintiff Larissa Whipple, the products "falsely . A class action suit has been filed against Johnson & Johnson's (J&J) OGX brand shampoos and conditioners due to speculated scalp irritation and hair loss. Facebook groups discussing people's inordinate hair thinning gained over 60,000 members and, as of April, the New York Times writes that there were at least 10 class-action lawsuits pending in which customers say DevaCurl damaged their scalps and made their hair fall out in clumps. Woman says Johnson & Johnson OGX shampoo can cause hair loss - TODAY.com Their shampoo and conditioner are MADE SAFE certified, which is the strictest third-party certification for non-toxic products in the U.S. In addition to being non-toxic, their hair products are made in the USA in bottles that are made out of sugar cane. No, Aveeno does not list DMDM hydantoin as an ingredient on their shampoo labels. Best drugstore silicone-free shampoo: Pantene Gold Series Sulfate-Free Shampoo. If youre looking for a smoothing shampoo to replace your TRSemme, check out Wellnesse. More research is still needed on the cancer front, but the fact that it is an irritant is well established. Currently,some countries are considering to ban it entirely (like Denmark) and the permitted use level is very low(under 0.01%). The line included DMDM hydantoin, which is found in many hair and skincare products. Know Your Environment. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. They are good friends becauseethylhexylglycerincan boost the effectiveness of phenoxyethanol (and other preservatives) and as an added bonus it feels nice on the skin too. The Filtery is produced on the traditional territory of the Kaskaskia, Osage, Shawandasse Tula, Myaamia, Adena, and Hopewell Tribal Nations. It has a powerful blend of 17 key active ingredients which help to improve the volume and thickness of your hair, while reducing any mild scalp irritations and itching. Back in August, I spotted the Kirkland Signature Moisture Shampoo, a color-safe, sulfate-free shampoo that touts itself as color-safe, 100% vegan, paraben-free, and gluten-free. (After all, we do want to prevent our hair and skin care product from developing mold!). In general, the darker the fruit, the more GSPs and other flavonoids it contains. 100+ Shampoos Without DMDM Hydantoin & Formaldehyde - MAMAVATION Similar to other cosmetic brands in the industry, we use certain ingredients when necessary to help preserve the quality of our products. Olaplex first rose to fame for its bond-rebuilding salon treatment, miraculously restoring damaged and weak hair patterns to near-virgin hair status. We love the energizing citrus mimosa scent! Pantene does not list DMDM hydantoin as an ingredient on their shampoo labels. Their formulations also appear to include other chemicals of concern including things like cetrimonium chloride and cyclomethicone (suspected endocrine disruptors), quats, and more than a few just okay ingredients. It has a water-lovinghead with two water-hatingtails and this structure gives the molecule emulsifying properties. Bananas. Organic & Natural Food Stores for 2023, The Best Organic Pregnancy & Nursing Pillows for 2023. DMDM Hydantoin Lawsuit. Well, they aresuper-potent antioxidants, muchstronger than Vitamin C or Vitamin E. And if that's not enough, GSPs and other flavonoids in grape also show UV protecting and anti-cancer properties. A class-action lawsuit was recently filed against Unilever by a client of the Keratin shampoo who after such a long time of hair damage and distress found out that TRESemme contained DMDM. Aussie Instant Freeze Gel. It's considered a " formaldehyde donor.". Styling Gel/Lotion. Honest, for example, is one of our favorites! We don't have description for this ingredient yet. Pura d'or is one of the best plant based hair thickening shampoos. A not so strong preservative that doesnt really work against bacteria, but more against mold and yeast. DMDM hydantoin has antimicrobial properties, which means it can help kill small organisms and preserve the product's freshness. DMDM hydantoin is a common preservative that extends the shelf life of beauty and skin care products. Shampoos Without DMDM Hydantoin or Formaldehyde: 17 Safe Products Kirkland Signature Professional Salon Formula Moisture Shampoo or All Rights Reserved. Detangler. dimethyloldimethyl hydantoin - DMDM*. All viewers of this content, especially those taking prescription or over-the-counter medications, should consult their physicians before beginning any nutrition, supplement, or lifestyle program. Compared to the pure form it's more stable, has longer shelf life, but it's also more poorly absorbed by the skin. $30 at Sephora $30 at Ulta Beauty $30 at Nordstrom. Its comedogen index is 0, meaning that it's pretty much an all skin-type oil.
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